CHRONIC ORAL INFLAMMATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

Cristian Gutu, Camelia Ana Grigore, Sabrina-Elena Benchea-Indrei, Dorin Ioan Cocos, Gabriela Stan, Ovidiu Schipor, Amin Bazyani

Abstract

Chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, especially periodontal disease, are highly prevalent pathologies characterized by persistent inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth, mainly caused by bacterial colonization and local immune response. A growing body of evidence suggests a pathogenic link between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is responsible for most global mortality. This review explores the pathophysiological, immunological, and epidemiological connections between chronic oral inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Proposed mechanisms include transient bacteremia caused by dental manipulations or spontaneous gingival bleeding, dissemination of bacterial products (e.g., lipopolysaccharides), and systemic activation of the inflammatory response. These processes can lead to endothelial dysfunction, acceleration of atherogenesis, and instability of atherosclerotic plaques. Systemic inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukins, and TNF-α, are often elevated in patients with severe periodontitis, correlating with an increased cardiovascular risk. Epidemiological data support the association between periodontitis and pathologies such as acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and ischemic coronary artery disease. Although the direct causal relationship remains partially elucidated, the importance of evaluating and treating chronic oral inflammation in the context of cardiovascular prevention is becoming increasingly evident. Integrating dentistry into cardiovascular risk assessment could be an important step in preventive medicine, and future research should aim at developing common biomarkers and interdisciplinary therapeutic strategies.

DOI : 10.62610/RJOR.2025.3.17.8