OCULAR AND ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PRIMARY SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE

Sabrina-Elena Benchea-Indrei, Anamaria Zaharescu, Camelia Ana Grigore, Gabriel Valeriu Popa, Sara Earar, Ciprian Adrian Dinu

Abstract

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction, particularly affecting the salivary and lacrimal glands. Clinically, this results in xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca, two hallmark symptoms that significantly impair patients’ quality of life. Beyond dryness, pSS encompasses a wide spectrum of oro-ocular manifestations, including mucosal atrophy, dental caries, candidiasis, and ocular surface inflammation. These symptoms reflect the shared pathophysiological mechanisms of glandular epithelial injury and immune-mediated inflammation. Accurate diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining clinical observation with objective tests such as salivary flow measurement, ocular surface staining, and labial gland biopsy. Recent research has identified promising biomarkers, such as cathepsin S, SIGLEC1, and interferon signatures, which may improve early detection and guide personalized therapy. Integrated evaluation by dental, ophthalmological, and rheumatological specialists enhances diagnostic accuracy and facilitates individualized treatment strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the oral and ocular involvement in pSS, highlighting clinical correlations, diagnostic tools, and emerging molecular insights. By addressing pSS from an interdisciplinary angle, we aim to support earlier diagnosis and better management of this underrecognized yet impactful autoimmune condition.

DOI : 10.62610/RJOR.2025.3.17.17