Anca-Oana Dragomirescu, Andreea Mihaela Băluța, Ştefan-Dimitrie Albu, Mihaela Tănase, Mădălina Maria Merişescu, Cristina-Crenguţa Albu, Ecaterina Ionescu
ABSTRACT
Background: The development of the dento-maxillary apparatus is governed by complex genetic and environmental interactions, which are crucial for the normal formation of orofacial structures. This review synthesizes current global research on the molecular genetics influencing non-syndromic orthodontic phenotypes, highlighting the importance of genetic insights in enhancing diagnostic and treatment methodologies. Methods: This narrative review compiles findings from genealogical studies, twin studies, and experimental models to explore the genetic and molecular bases of dento-facial variations and dental malocclusions. Focus is placed on transcription factors, growth factor signaling pathways, and the role of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells in craniofacial development. Results: Research identifies key transcription factors and signaling pathways that regulate embryonic craniofacial development. Over 90 specific genes have been implicated in severe craniofacial malformations, underscoring the polygenic and multifactorial nature of these conditions. CNC cells play a pivotal role in both the development and phenotypic outcomes of craniofacial tissues, influencing everything from bone formation to tooth development. Advances in genomics and biotechnology offer potential for novel diagnostic and regenerative treatments in orthodontics. Conclusion: Enhanced understanding of the molecular genetics of dento-maxillary anomalies provides critical insights into their etiology and unveils new avenues for therapeutic interventions. Ongoing research and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to translate these genetic insights into clinical practice, ultimately aiming to improve patient care through personalized medicine approaches. The integration of genomic data into dental research and practice heralds a new era of precision medicine in orthodontics, emphasizing the need for continued innovation and ethical consideration in genetic research.
DOI : 10.62610/RJOR.2025.1.17.16
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