Ludmila Vașchevici, Cicerone Cătălin Grigorescu, Georgia Katerina Condurache, Kamel Earar
ABSTRACT
Periodontal disease is a complex chronic inflammatory condition characterized by dysbiotic biofilm-host interactions, progressive connective tissue breakdown, and alveolar bone loss. In recent years, growing interest has focused on salivary and gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers as minimally invasive tools capable of improving early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic stratification. This review examines the biological rationale for biomarker use in periodontal disease and synthesizes current evidence regarding salivary, crevicular, microbiome-derived, proteomic, and regulatory molecular markers. Particular attention is given to inflammatory mediators, matrix-degrading enzymes, protein-based biomarkers, microRNAs, and microbiome-associated signatures that reflect ongoing periodontal activity beyond conventional clinical and radiographic parameters. The review also discusses the emerging role of multimarker panels, artificial intelligence-assisted analysis, and molecular profiling in the transition toward precision-guided periodontal care. Although available evidence supports the diagnostic and translational potential of these biomarkers, important challenges remain, including methodological heterogeneity, lack of standardized sampling and analysis, and insufficient prospective validation. Overall, salivary and gingival crevicular biomarkers represent a promising direction for more personalized, predictive, and biologically grounded periodontal diagnostics and treatment planning.
DOI : 10.62610/RJOR.2025.1.18.18
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